#《Linux笔记》——更改ls命令的输出颜色和命令提示符颜色（一）
开篇废话:之前因为个人原因一气之下把电脑上的Linux Mint清除了，今天在虚拟机上装了个Ubuntu来学（瞎）习（搞）。装好之后发现默认的白色命令提示符颜色不够明显，ls命令输出时文件夹名字为蓝色，在黑色背景下眼都快瞎了。于是，我开始改配色……
##I. ls输出配色方案 首先让我们来看一下GNU Coreutils手册的内容（截取相关段落）：
>10.4 dircolors: Color setup for ls
>dircolors outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output from ls (and dir, etc.). Typical usage:
>>eval "$(dircolors [option]… [file])"
>If file is specified, dircolors reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run ‘dircolors --print-database’.
>To make dircolors read a ~/.dircolors file if it exists, you can put the following lines in your ~/.bashrc (or adapt them to your favorite shell):
>>d=.dircolors
>>test -r $d && eval "$(dircolors $d)"
>The output is a shell command to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the command line, or dircolors will guess it from the value of the SHELL environment variable.
既然在用Linux，想必这几句英文还是看得懂的。说（讲）人（中）话（文）就是：ls命令输出的配色设置通过LS_COLORS变量即可实现。那我们先来看看LS_COLORS变量是什么内容：
$ echo $LS_COLORS
rs=0:di=01;36:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.Z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36:
纳尼？！！！这是什么鬼？这么一长串怎么办？ 其实手册里面写了的：For details on the format of these files, run ‘dircolors --print-database’. 那我们就运行一下吧！(内容太多，点击“运行结果”按钮查看）
<details> <summary>运行结果</summary>
$ dircolors --print-database # Configuration file for dircolors, a utility to help you set the # LS_COLORS environment variable used by GNU ls with the --color option. # Copyright (C) 1996-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, # are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. # The keywords COLOR, OPTIONS, and EIGHTBIT (honored by the # slackware version of dircolors) are recognized but ignored. # Below are TERM entries, which can be a glob patterns, to match # against the TERM environment variable to determine if it is colorizable. TERM Eterm TERM ansi TERM color TERM con[0-9]x[0-9] TERM cons25 TERM console TERM cygwin TERM dtterm TERM gnome TERM hurd TERM jfbterm TERM konsole TERM kterm TERM linux TERM linux-c TERM mlterm TERM putty TERM rxvt* TERM screen* TERM st TERM terminator TERM tmux* TERM vt100 TERM xterm* # Below are the color init strings for the basic file types. A color init # string consists of one or more of the following numeric codes: # Attribute codes: # 00=none 01=bold 04=underscore 05=blink 07=reverse 08=concealed # Text color codes: # 30=black 31=red 32=green 33=yellow 34=blue 35=magenta 36=cyan 37=white # Background color codes: # 40=black 41=red 42=green 43=yellow 44=blue 45=magenta 46=cyan 47=white #NORMAL 00 # no color code at all #FILE 00 # regular file: use no color at all RESET 0 # reset to "normal" color DIR 01;34 # directory LINK 01;36 # symbolic link. (If you set this to 'target' instead of a # numerical value, the color is as for the file pointed to.) MULTIHARDLINK 00 # regular file with more than one link FIFO 40;33 # pipe SOCK 01;35 # socket DOOR 01;35 # door BLK 40;33;01 # block device driver CHR 40;33;01 # character device driver ORPHAN 40;31;01 # symlink to nonexistent file, or non-stat'able file ... MISSING 00 # ... and the files they point to SETUID 37;41 # file that is setuid (u+s) SETGID 30;43 # file that is setgid (g+s) CAPABILITY 30;41 # file with capability STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE 30;42 # dir that is sticky and other-writable (+t,o+w) OTHER_WRITABLE 34;42 # dir that is other-writable (o+w) and not sticky STICKY 37;44 # dir with the sticky bit set (+t) and not other-writable # This is for files with execute permission: EXEC 01;32 # List any file extensions like '.gz' or '.tar' that you would like ls # to colorize below. Put the extension, a space, and the color init string. # (and any comments you want to add after a '#') # If you use DOS-style suffixes, you may want to uncomment the following: #.cmd 01;32 # executables (bright green) #.exe 01;32 #.com 01;32 #.btm 01;32 #.bat 01;32 # Or if you want to colorize scripts even if they do not have the # executable bit actually set. #.sh 01;32 #.csh 01;32 # archives or compressed (bright red) .tar 01;31 .tgz 01;31 .arc 01;31 .arj 01;31 .taz 01;31 .lha 01;31 .lz4 01;31 .lzh 01;31 .lzma 01;31 .tlz 01;31 .txz 01;31 .tzo 01;31 .t7z 01;31 .zip 01;31 .z 01;31 .Z 01;31 .dz 01;31 .gz 01;31 .lrz 01;31 .lz 01;31 .lzo 01;31 .xz 01;31 .zst 01;31 .tzst 01;31 .bz2 01;31 .bz 01;31 .tbz 01;31 .tbz2 01;31 .tz 01;31 .deb 01;31 .rpm 01;31 .jar 01;31 .war 01;31 .ear 01;31 .sar 01;31 .rar 01;31 .alz 01;31 .ace 01;31 .zoo 01;31 .cpio 01;31 .7z 01;31 .rz 01;31 .cab 01;31 .wim 01;31 .swm 01;31 .dwm 01;31 .esd 01;31 # image formats .jpg 01;35 .jpeg 01;35 .mjpg 01;35 .mjpeg 01;35 .gif 01;35 .bmp 01;35 .pbm 01;35 .pgm 01;35 .ppm 01;35 .tga 01;35 .xbm 01;35 .xpm 01;35 .tif 01;35 .tiff 01;35 .png 01;35 .svg 01;35 .svgz 01;35 .mng 01;35 .pcx 01;35 .mov 01;35 .mpg 01;35 .mpeg 01;35 .m2v 01;35 .mkv 01;35 .webm 01;35 .ogm 01;35 .mp4 01;35 .m4v 01;35 .mp4v 01;35 .vob 01;35 .qt 01;35 .nuv 01;35 .wmv 01;35 .asf 01;35 .rm 01;35 .rmvb 01;35 .flc 01;35 .avi 01;35 .fli 01;35 .flv 01;35 .gl 01;35 .dl 01;35 .xcf 01;35 .xwd 01;35 .yuv 01;35 .cgm 01;35 .emf 01;35 # https://wiki.xiph.org/MIME_Types_and_File_Extensions .ogv 01;35 .ogx 01;35 # audio formats .aac 00;36 .au 00;36 .flac 00;36 .m4a 00;36 .mid 00;36 .midi 00;36 .mka 00;36 .mp3 00;36 .mpc 00;36 .ogg 00;36 .ra 00;36 .wav 00;36 # https://wiki.xiph.org/MIME_Types_and_File_Extensions .oga 00;36 .opus 00;36 .spx 00;36 .xspf 00;36 # Configuration file for dircolors, a utility to help you set the # LS_COLORS environment variable used by GNU ls with the --color option. # Copyright (C) 1996-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, # are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. # The keywords COLOR, OPTIONS, and EIGHTBIT (honored by the # slackware version of dircolors) are recognized but ignored. # Below are TERM entries, which can be a glob patterns, to match # against the TERM environment variable to determine if it is colorizable. TERM Eterm TERM ansi TERM color TERM con[0-9]x[0-9] TERM cons25 TERM console TERM cygwin TERM dtterm TERM gnome TERM hurd TERM jfbterm TERM konsole TERM kterm TERM linux TERM linux-c TERM mlterm TERM putty TERM rxvt* TERM screen* TERM st TERM terminator TERM tmux* TERM vt100 TERM xterm* # Below are the color init strings for the basic file types. A color init # string consists of one or more of the following numeric codes: # Attribute codes: # 00=none 01=bold 04=underscore 05=blink 07=reverse 08=concealed # Text color codes: # 30=black 31=red 32=green 33=yellow 34=blue 35=magenta 36=cyan 37=white # Background color codes: # 40=black 41=red 42=green 43=yellow 44=blue 45=magenta 46=cyan 47=white #NORMAL 00 # no color code at all #FILE 00 # regular file: use no color at all RESET 0 # reset to "normal" color DIR 01;34 # directory LINK 01;36 # symbolic link. (If you set this to 'target' instead of a # numerical value, the color is as for the file pointed to.) MULTIHARDLINK 00 # regular file with more than one link FIFO 40;33 # pipe SOCK 01;35 # socket DOOR 01;35 # door BLK 40;33;01 # block device driver CHR 40;33;01 # character device driver ORPHAN 40;31;01 # symlink to nonexistent file, or non-stat'able file ... MISSING 00 # ... and the files they point to SETUID 37;41 # file that is setuid (u+s) SETGID 30;43 # file that is setgid (g+s) CAPABILITY 30;41 # file with capability STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE 30;42 # dir that is sticky and other-writable (+t,o+w) OTHER_WRITABLE 34;42 # dir that is other-writable (o+w) and not sticky STICKY 37;44 # dir with the sticky bit set (+t) and not other-writable # This is for files with execute permission: EXEC 01;32 # List any file extensions like '.gz' or '.tar' that you would like ls # to colorize below. Put the extension, a space, and the color init string. # (and any comments you want to add after a '#') # If you use DOS-style suffixes, you may want to uncomment the following: #.cmd 01;32 # executables (bright green) #.exe 01;32 #.com 01;32 #.btm 01;32 #.bat 01;32 # Or if you want to colorize scripts even if they do not have the # executable bit actually set. #.sh 01;32 #.csh 01;32 # archives or compressed (bright red) .tar 01;31 .tgz 01;31 .arc 01;31 .arj 01;31 .taz 01;31 .lha 01;31 .lz4 01;31 .lzh 01;31 .lzma 01;31 .tlz 01;31 .txz 01;31 .tzo 01;31 .t7z 01;31 .zip 01;31 .z 01;31 .Z 01;31 .dz 01;31 .gz 01;31 .lrz 01;31 .lz 01;31 .lzo 01;31 .xz 01;31 .zst 01;31 .tzst 01;31 .bz2 01;31 .bz 01;31 .tbz 01;31 .tbz2 01;31 .tz 01;31 .deb 01;31 .rpm 01;31 .jar 01;31 .war 01;31 .ear 01;31 .sar 01;31 .rar 01;31 .alz 01;31 .ace 01;31 .zoo 01;31 .cpio 01;31 .7z 01;31 .rz 01;31 .cab 01;31 .wim 01;31 .swm 01;31 .dwm 01;31 .esd 01;31 # image formats .jpg 01;35 .jpeg 01;35 .mjpg 01;35 .mjpeg 01;35 .gif 01;35 .bmp 01;35 .pbm 01;35 .pgm 01;35 .ppm 01;35 .tga 01;35 .xbm 01;35 .xpm 01;35 .tif 01;35 .tiff 01;35 .png 01;35 .svg 01;35 .svgz 01;35 .mng 01;35 .pcx 01;35 .mov 01;35 .mpg 01;35 .mpeg 01;35 .m2v 01;35 .mkv 01;35 .webm 01;35 .ogm 01;35 .mp4 01;35 .m4v 01;35 .mp4v 01;35 .vob 01;35 .qt 01;35 .nuv 01;35 .wmv 01;35 .asf 01;35 .rm 01;35 .rmvb 01;35 .flc 01;35 .avi 01;35 .fli 01;35 .flv 01;35 .gl 01;35 .dl 01;35 .xcf 01;35 .xwd 01;35 .yuv 01;35 .cgm 01;35 .emf 01;35 # https://wiki.xiph.org/MIME_Types_and_File_Extensions .ogv 01;35 .ogx 01;35 # audio formats .aac 00;36 .au 00;36 .flac 00;36 .m4a 00;36 .mid 00;36 .midi 00;36 .mka 00;36 .mp3 00;36 .mpc 00;36 .ogg 00;36 .ra 00;36 .wav 00;36 # https://wiki.xiph.org/MIME_Types_and_File_Extensions .oga 00;36 .opus 00;36 .spx 00;36 .xspf 00;36
</details>
其中有一段是： # Below are the color init strings for the basic file types. A color init # string consists of one or more of the following numeric codes: # Attribute codes: # 00=none 01=bold 04=underscore 05=blink 07=reverse 08=concealed # Text color codes: # 30=black 31=red 32=green 33=yellow 34=blue 35=magenta 36=cyan 37=white # Background color codes: # 40=black 41=red 42=green 43=yellow 44=blue 45=magenta 46=cyan 47=white 这样一来是不是就一目了然了呢？数字表示的都是颜色或文字效果！ 没有点开运行结果看的同学或者没看懂的没同学这时候可能就会问了：还有字母部分呢？ 刚开始用Linux可能有很多东西都不清楚，但是其中有那么几个是不是感觉很眼熟呢？e.g：mp4，m4v还有jpg 塞满你们硬盘的那些东西不就是这些似曾相识格式吗？（斜眼笑.jpg） 讲了这么多，到了这里就很清楚了，变量LS_COLORS的内容格式基本如下：
[文件类型1]=[F];[B];[C]:[文件类型2]=[F];[B];[C]:... 其中： [文件类型]为目录、链接等时，由于Linux中这类文件基本无后缀，比如目录和链接，分别写成di和ln即可；而类似于我们常见的有后缀的，如：jpg，则写成*.jpg。 [F]为文字颜色，30~37；[B]为背景色，40~47；[C]为文字效果，0~8；这三个可以不按顺序，因为取值范围不同，不会冲突。 具体的颜色与数值的对应关系在上面单独列出来的英文小段中已有，不再赘述。 ##更改方式 （1）直接设置变量值（不推荐，治标不治本） 这种方法直接输入LS_COLORS=[变量值]即可，但是重启之后就会失效。因此我们选择第二种方法。 （2）修改.bashrc .bashrc就在用户的家目录中，用“ls -a”即可看到，我们可以先把原有的变量值用echo命令输出，如下： echo $LS_COLORS 将输出内容复制到.bashrc文件中，在文件中插入一行内容，格式如下： export LS_COLORS=[变量值] 然后在原有变量值的基础上进行修改即可。
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